A short dip is normal — Google has to work through every new URL. With a prepared redirect map it is brief and recovers; without one it can last for months.
Before the design is finished, not a week before launch. The cheapest moment to fix the structure is while it is still being drawn.
You can, but I do not recommend it. If domain, platform and design all change at once, nobody can tell what caused a problem.
Keep the backup for at least three months; the redirects stay permanently. Old links keep sending traffic for years.
Yes, that is the usual case. I hand over tasks in their format and sign off the work once it is done.